b'the first HPV vaccine was approved by the FDA in 2006,vaccine delivery, and measurement of expression levels of target cervical cancer still remains a leading cause of cancer deaths inmolecules are essential to building new insights and opportunities women [10]. Epstein-Barr virus, human immunodeficiency virus,for therapeutic cancer vaccines. human herpes virus 8, Merkel cell polyomavirus, and humanAdenoviruses are highly effective vectors to deliver vaccine T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) are all known to cause cancer.epitopes and drive tumor cell lysis to treat some cancers. The work to develop truly preventive vaccines for viral cancers isThey can be grown to high titers, have genomes that are easily not complete. manipulated, and induce robust transgene expression. However, For example, most cases of genital high-risk HPV infectionthe immune system presents a significant barrier to widespread resolve spontaneously; however, persistent infections canuse of adenoviruses. First, much of the general population has progress to cancer. To understand how differences in innatebeen exposed to adenoviruses so preexisting immunity is high. immunity control papillomaviruses, Scagnolari et al. investigatedSecond, administering an adenovirus-based vaccine as therapy the role of key components in the rapid immune control ofto a cancer patient who has not been exposed to adenovirus papillomavirus infection. They used TaqMan Assays withmay elicit a dangerous immune response. Understanding how RT-qPCR to explore alternative splicing and viral replicationthe immune system circumvents adenovirus-mediated epitope in various strains of genetically deficient mice. These studiesexpression and cytolysis may provide valuable insight towards revealed a signaling pathway that controls viral replication anddeveloping more effective adenovirus-based cancer vaccines.clearance of virus-transformed abnormal cells. UnderstandingA recent study identified a cytosolic antibody receptor (TRIM21) mechanisms of early viral clearance may provide vital insightsthat inhibits both adenovirus-mediated epitope expression and into how disruption of innate immunity could convert acytolysis. Sequencing and RT-qPCR with TaqMan Assays were transient infection into a persistent infection, revealing potentialused to conduct transcriptome-wide analysis of expression levels approaches to preventing HPV infection [11]. of intact genes, knockout variants, and point mutations in viral Genetic solutions for research into therapeuticand immune system genes following adenovirus administration. cancer vaccines These studies revealed that TRIM21 both neutralizes transgene Strategies that enable the immune system to identify andexpression and inhibits antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells, destroy cancer cells at a very early stage of oncogenesis arepreventing the adenovirus vaccine from inducing antitumor being aggressively pursued to develop vaccines for cancersimmunity. The mechanisms of these pathways hold potential with a noninfectious etiology. Genetic technologies that enableto increase or decrease TRIM21 activity as needed for specific development of delivery vector constructs, assessment ofcancer therapeutic applications [12].Contents 10'