b'LiquidGenomic alterationsbiopsyPoint mutations Insertions or deletionsEpigenetic patternsChromosomicTranslocations or fusions aberrationsCopy number variationsCTCsEVscfDNAmiRNAcoincidentally with progression of cervical lesions resulting fromquery gene expression levels in a panel of ICI-related proteins HPV infection. Primer-walking qPCR revealed that alternativethat are associated with clinical outcomes in clear renal cell promoters, RNA splicing, and polyadenylation generated at leastcancer (ccRCC). They correlated expression levels and calculated 14 of those isoforms. Interestingly, high expression levels of onerisk scores for risk of advanced disease, recurrence, or death lncRNA was found to be a biomarker for better survival rate in thein early-stage, untreated ccRCC patients. The study revealed a study. These studies also revealed a lncRNA that is coregulatedpanel of biomarkers for soluble ICI-related proteins that might with an important DNA repair factor that is associated withassist in risk assessment for survival prognosis in ccRCC [8]. high incidence of high-risk HPV-induced cancers. The authors suggested that these findings might lead to biomarkers forExpanding insights into cancer vaccine research early diagnosis and treatment strategies for HPV-inducedBecause cancer cells closely resemble normal, healthy cells and cervical cancer [6]. individual tumors all present their own distinguishing antigens, developing effective cancer vaccines requires more sophisticated Discovering biomarkers to gauge response to treatment approaches than those used in conventional pathogen vaccines. Identifying biomarkers that aid in predicting how a patientTumor cells, immune cells, peptides, viral vectors, and nucleic might respond to treatment is another important intentionacids have all been investigated as possible platforms for for personalized medicine research. For example, immunecancer vaccines. checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have become promising immuno-therapies for treating a variety of cancers. However, not allGenetic solutions for research into preventive patients benefit from ICI immunotherapy and currently thereoncovirus vaccinesis no reliable biomarker for predicting potential outcomes ofAs of 2019, human tumor viruses account for an estimated ICI treatment [7,8].1220% of cancers worldwide [9]. Vaccines that target Using Ion Torrent RNA sequencing, Hwang et al. identified twooncoviruses have already been proven to prevent certain multigene signatures and two individual genes that independentlycancers. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) can cause liver cancer and predict durable benefits for treatment of non-small cell lungHPV causes almost all cases of cervical cancer. Four vaccines cancer (NSCLC) with anti-programmed cell death protein (PD)-1have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration antibody [7]. Wang et al. used RT-qPCR with TaqMan Assays to(FDA) to prevent HBV or HPV infection. Although the incidence and death rates from cervical cancer have plummeted since Contents 9'